RPOGRAM ANALYSIS OF FIRE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RPOGRAM ANALYSIS OF FIRE - Essay Example The proposed exercise center and preparing region/focus will be developed with the end goal that 30% and 70% of it is inside and outside individually. As far as structure and arranging, the program will take after a military preparing program from which firemen can adjust a similar preparing strategies, for example, rope climbing and attaching obstacles. The use of the site examination to the network program is to encourage assessment of formative obliges. For example, while the examination of encompassing structures and structures is fundamental, the land qualities, for example, landscape are thought of. In light of the climate, soil, and accessible vegetation, the structure and development of the rec center and preparing zone/focus would depend on this data. From a business point of view, the site examination will consider how unique different factors, for example, socioeconomics and dissemination connect inside the zone. For example, the program will utilize a focal area from which planned customers can get to the premises. What's more, the components of the exercise center and the instructional hub will rely upon the inexact number of customers inside the network. At long last, the site examination will consider lawful parts of design improvement, for example, building strategies, guideline of private and open structures, and acc essibility space for rental or buy (Zimmerman,

Biography of Peter Paul Rubens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Account of Peter Paul Rubens - Essay Example His folks Jan Rubens and Maria Pypelinckx left Antwerp since it was to a great extent Spanish and commanded by the Catholic Church; they were Calvinists. Rubens’ father was about executed due to an issue with the princess of Orange, yet Maria had the option to have her better half discharged with the acknowledgment that the family would be banished to Siegen, Westphalia. It was in Siegen that their last kid would be conceived, who was Peter Paul (Rubens standard. 3). Rubens’ instruction originated from the humanists and he was likewise a craftsmanship gatherer in his own right. He was a representative too and was knighted by two lords: Philip IV, the ruler of Spain and King Charles I, who was around then the lord of England (Rubens standard. 2). Rubens considered Latin and old style writing. At 14 years old, Rubens examined craftsmanship as a student under Tobias Verhaeght and under two craftsmen that lived in the city, Adam van Noort and Otto van Veen (â€Å"Biography† standard. 4). One of the manners in which that Rubens started his specialty was to duplicate the craft of different craftsmen. He was keen on woodcuts by â€Å"Hans Holbein the Younger and Marcantonio Raimondis engravings† (Rubens â€Å"Biography† standard. 4). Somewhere in the range of 1600 and 1608, Rubens headed out to Italy and he examined the canvases of Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto who might impact his later works of art. He inevitably went to Mantua and turned out to be a piece of the court of duke Vincenzo I of Gonzaga. With the duke financing him, he had the option to go to Rome and Florence. He considered Greek and Roman Art and started to duplicate crafted by Italian ace craftsmen. In the long run Rubens would have a few encounters in Italy that would affect his work and he essentially experienced passionate feelings for the language and the individuals of this region (Rubens â€Å"Biography†). Rubens kicked the bucket May 30, 1640 of gout and left eight kids and a spouse behind. He was covered in Saint Jacobs church in Antwerp (Rubens â€Å"Biography† standard. 20). The â€Å"Wolf and Fox Hunt† was one of an arrangement

Writing a College Essay - Six Tips to Make It Easy

Writing a College Essay - Six Tips to Make It EasyCollege essays are important. They are what college students must master in order to graduate and meet the demands of the real world. Fortunately, essay writing has advanced greatly in recent years to be easier for even the freshest of students to complete. There are still a few simple rules that should be followed when writing your essay, however.First, before you even start your college essay, get a sense of the type of writing you would like to do. If you want to write about a single subject matter such as history or literature, you will want to focus on that. If you want to write about a broader topic, such as sports or philosophy, then you may choose a more varied approach. It is important to determine where you are going to write first before you even start writing your essay.Second, make sure that the essay that you write is short and focused. It is hard to focus on a single subject if the essay is too long. Too many words cram med together can make it seem as though you are not really able to focus on your topic.Third, try to avoid using the word 'there' unless it is in a 'there' situation. In other words, don't use 'there' in a sentence with another adverb unless it follows another adverb that doesn't have a 'there' in front of it.Fourth, try to keep your essay short. College essays can sometimes take up to 50 pages of content. Try to keep the essay to about one page. It's easier to get through and easier to digest.Fifth, you will need to write a college essay to be able to convince the reader that you know your topic. While you might know what you are going to say, but you will need to be able to convince the reader to believe what you have to say. Take some time to think about how your topic will affect someone and how it will affect them personally.Sixth, make sure that your college essay is readable. This means that you should be sure that the fonts and colors used are easy to read. Bright and bold c olors may be easier to read for those with normal vision, but they are not for someone who needs to see each letter.Hopefully this guide will help you start the writing process and assist you when you are trying to write your college essay. If you follow the tips that are here, you will be well on your way to writing a very good essay that will be accepted by the college. Be sure to practice until you are confident enough to write your own essay.

In the Novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, Victor...

In the novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein is the true monster, not the creature himself. Victor Frankenstein grew up in Geneva. He had a strong interest in reading the works of the ancient and outdated alchemists, and was fascinated by science and the secret of life. One day he decided that he wanted to study further, so Victor actually created a person of his own out of old body parts and strange chemicals. When the creature came to life, he was a hideously ugly beast. The creature does have beauteous features such as lustrous black hair, and teeth of pearly whiteness, but they do not look good because they are out of place in relation to his other features, such as his shriveled complexion, and watery†¦show more content†¦Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust (Shelley 115). The creature was truly miserable and hated the fact that he was even alive. All he wanted was someone to accept him and like him for who he was. Victor was once again acting in a monstrous manner when he refused to make a friend for the creature. The fact that the creature was always shut out from society and abandoned by anyone he ever came in contact with shows that perhaps if he had a companion, he would not have been acting out in so many rages, which results in no longer having to seek revenge. There would be no revenge to seek because he would be happy and satisfied with his life. Perhaps Victor had not realized that Â…the power to create may produce consequences that cannot be foreseen or controlled (Smolensky 1756). Before Frankenstein created his creature, he had not intended it to be a threat to his friends and family. He had also not realized that evil creates evil (Mellor Mary Shelley 363). In this novel, Victor did not only act in monstrous way toward his creature, but toward his loved ones as well. When he learned that his youngest brother William had been murdered, he knew right away that the murder was committed by his very own creation, but refused to speak up and say anything about his knowledge. He knew that he would be held responsible for the murder because of the fact that he created the monster, and also because the monster killed hisShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Villain? - Frankenstein Or The Monster?1206 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 9, 2015 Who is the Villain? – Frankenstein or the Monster? Every story has its hero and villain. Some authors’ works easily clarify the debate between which character is the ultimate protagonist or the antagonist, but sometimes the author tries to toy with readers’ minds. Similarly, Frankenstein’s author, Marry Shelley is one of the authors who is not straightforward about who is the villain in her novel. In Frankenstein, both the Monster and Victor Frankenstein could be considered the villainsRead MoreWarning Of The Dangers Of Science Or Suggestion That The Human1309 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Tripp Susan Sibbach English IV 11 December, 2015 Frankenstein: warning of the dangers of science or suggestion that the human quest for knowledge is a noble undertaking? Human societies have come a long way from the time of hunting and gathering. Self-sufficient and possessing high capacity for questioning what systems are currently in place, and the astonishingly unique ability to discover solutions for problems; humankind is truly one of a kind. This distinctive quality grants humanityRead MoreEssay on Alienation and Isolation in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1110 Words   |  5 Pages(â€Å"Truthmove† 2012) In the gothic tale of Frankenstein, Mary Shelley frequently displays the many different forms of alienation. Victor Frankenstein and his creation were two of the characters in this book that went through alienation and isolation. Victor experiences alienation regularly throughout the majority of his life. From an early age Victor Frankenstein isolated himself from the outside world. While not engaged in his studies of natural philosophy Victor could be found in the company of hisRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pages Archetypal Characters inside Frankenstein The novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley involves the complex issues with the creation of life through an inanimate life. Shelley uses these character archetypes to develop a deeper meaning of the characters intentions. Shelley does an excellent job at allowing the reader to have a peak at the characters inner thoughts and feelings. The archetypes presented in Frankenstein allow readers to identify with the characters role and purpose. The foremostRead MoreThe Duality of Man: Connections Between Victor and the Monster in Frankenstein1631 Words   |  7 Pagesclassic gothic novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley details the relationship between two significant figures, Victor Frankenstein, and his unnamed monster. The critical relationship between such characters causes many literary critics to compose the idea that they are bound by nature – inadvertently becoming a single central figure (Spark). This provides provoking thoughts on the duality of mankind, revealing the wickedness of human nature. The role of the monster as an alter ego to Victor is an idealRead MoreMary Wollstonecraft Shelley s Frankenstein915 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein By: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley The fictional story of Frankenstein written by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley in 1816 was adapted into a graphic novel in 2008 to reimagine this literary masterpiece to appease the modern reader s of the world. The story of the novel follows an explorer from europe towards the arctic circle to discover a great discovery to become famous. As they reach the arctic, they meet Victor Frankenstein stuck on a piece of floating ice. After saving him Mr. FrankensteinRead MoreA Transformation from Gracious to Malicious1072 Words   |  5 Pagesperceptions changes them. Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, portrays this concept. Frankenstein’s monster treats humans kindly - refuting the stereotype that all monsters are evil. In this novel, the monster is kind towards mankind until society criticizes him and turns him into a malicious creature. The monster that Frankenstein creates has kind-hearted morals, but because society harms him based on his hideous appearance. Because of his treatment, he transforms into a murderous monster, pointing to theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein - Romanticism And Enlightenment1233 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a true literary masterpiece and one of the best horror novels ever written. The book also allows for us to get a glimpse into the nineteenth century world and the society in which this novel was written in. Like most novels, Frankenstein was deeply influenced by the society in which it was written in. Ideas such as romanticism and post enlightenment are seen throughout the work and have a great impact upon the book. Now the story of Frankenstein is legendary and everyoneRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley849 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Who is the true antagonist† is a question that a reader may mull upon during the reading of certain novels. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the main character, Victor Frankenstein, although thought to be a victim, is in fact the villain of the novel Frankenstein. The plot of the novel consists of Victor Frankenstein causing tragedies and deaths as a result of his irresponsibility and yearning for fame. Victor also creates an antagonizing creature that has absolutely no knowledge of the basic waysRead MoreVictor As A God Figure1710 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2015 Victor as a God Figure Many people in history have tried to play the role of God by taking other people’s lives and trying to do what has never been done before, creating a new species. In the novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein accomplished this goal by creating the monster thus playing the role of God. There are even many hints and lines in the story that are related to biblical stories and ideas to compare Victor as God or a father figure towards the creature. It gave Victor

The Things They Carried by Tim O´Brien - 1724 Words

Tim O’ Brien wants the reader to feel what he felt going through this nightmare. The device he uses is imagery and this is important because the reader can feel like they are a part of the war. He gives an account of the nightmare : â€Å"His entrenching tool like an ax, slashing.† I can imagine an angry lumber jack cutting deep into tree, which in his case represented his emotional feelings for the love he had for Martha. Martha was a young, beautiful girl with whom he was so in love, but Martha only saw Lieutenant Cross as a good friend. When you are trying to understand the emotions of a person is difficult because you are never in their shoes. O’Brien writes, â€Å"He sat at the bottom of his fox hole and wept.† I imagine a baby crawling back into the womb inside his mother stomach and he weeping like a baby. This image seems as if he was hiding from something for which he was not ready / that he feared or appeared unprepared. The novel itself is a fla shback to the pass of a nightmare that he will never forget. O’ Brien is still alive, I cannot imagine having flash backs to the past and being reminded of a frightening nightmare. The best flashback in the novel reads â€Å"his right arm was gone†¦ At his face there were already many flies and gnats.† O’Brien then revisits his childhood: â€Å"Linda was nine then, as I was, but we were in love†¦. she died of course. Nine years old and she died.† This situation in the time of war brought him to think of someone he truly loved. Flashbacks areShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within h er own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

The First Six Lessons And William Shakespeare s As You...

Theatre stage conventions are used to heighten and convey a story’s narrative in the Greek, Medieval and Elizabethan Eras of theatre. Each era built on the foundations of Greek theatre staging, through all of this are a perspective of modern Theatre was born. In order to understand a play, one must detail the conventions associated with the production. One must ask themselves if the play a presentational or representational piece? In this paper, I will be comparing staging conventions through Antigone, Acting: The First Six Lessons and William Shakespeare s As You Like It. Antigone is a battle between opposition, while As You Like It is a tongue and cheek melodrama. Acting: The First six Lessons stands out for its depiction of parental nurturing and teaching. It is a play devoted to the theme of teaching rather than it is characters or spectacle. Its conventions follow suite in this ambition. First off, important to note that the functions of theatre conventions set the rule s and parameters of the world the actors happen to embody. In Acting : The First Six Lessons, Actor who is known as Teacher in this scene in introducing the Actress who is portraying the creature. Creature. Oh, sorry†¦ (to the Audience) This is my daughter Emily...She even Said (8). Within the first moments of dialogue the similarities between Greek theatre are evident between the Creature and Teacher. They are speaking presentationally and we are led to believe that we are in a equal state with theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare has been best known for his poems, plays and masterful piece of writings in the English language. He has been referred to as the England s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. Shakespeare s plays consist of mainly tragedies, comedies and histories which are regarded as one of the best in those genres. The plays, the poems, and the sonnets have had a significance influence in EnglishRead MoreSchools Kill Creativity1634 Words   |  7 PagesHuman creativity first . The extraordinary evidence of human creativity is in all of the presentations that we ve had and in all of the people here. Just the variety of it and the range of it. The second is that it s put us in a  place where we have no idea what s going to happen, in terms of the future. No idea how this may play out. I have an interest in education -- actually, what I find is everybody has an interest in education. Don t you? I find this very interesting. But if you ask about theirRead More A Comparison of Romantic Love in Shakespeares Sonnets As You Like It2069 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeares Sonnets Romantic Love in As You Like It      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares comedy As You Like It is clearly a pastoral comedy with a country setting, a theme revolving around love and a story which consists of a series of accidental meetings between characters and a resolution involving transformations of characters and divine intervention.   The comedy involves the traditional literary device of moving urban characters into the country where they have to deal with life in a different mannerRead MoreWalt Whitman s Life That Changed The Way Of Life1690 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious times through his childhood, and that may have moved his personality to become slightly neurotic. He has done a lot of things in his life that has changed the way that future poets will write. Walt Whitman entered this world on May thirty-first, eighteen-nineteen in West Hills, New York. He was the second son among nine other children in his household. His parents were Louisa Van Velsor and Walter Whitman, a housebuilder. His name was soon shortened to Walt to keep from getting confused withRead MoreThe Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay2177 Words   |  9 Pagesto professionally entertain others, specifically the king. In essence, fools were hired to make mistakes. Fools may have been mentally retarded youths kept for the court’s amusement, or more often they were singing, dancing stand up comedians. In William Shakespeare’s King Lear the fool plays many important roles. When Cordelia, Lear’s only well-intentioned daughter, is banished from the kingdom Fool immediately assumes her role as Lear’s protector. The fool is the king’s advocate, honest and loyalRead MorePastoral Analysis Of John Milton s Lycidas 2885 Words   |  12 Pageschurchyard . His works and days present a golden age when people lived together in harmony with nature. This golden age shows that even before Alexandria, ancient Greek had sentiments of an ideal pastoral life that they had already lost. This is the first example of literature that has pastoral sentiments and may have begun the pastoral traditions. Traditionally, pastoral refers to the lives of herds men in a romanticized but representative way. In literature the pastoral refers to rural subjects andRead MoreAnalysis Of Heidi s The Great Gatsby 2003 Words   |  9 PagesHeidi s tragic side is fully revealed in this entire speech where humor and drama are perfectly blended to emphasize her moment of realization. She becomes a diminished character who no longer knows who she is and decides to leave New York to sort out her future. Like a true dark comedy protagonist, she is vulnerable and has lost control. She realizes her downfalls and the comedy lies in the superiority felt by the spectator due to man s delight in man s inhumanity to man (Capp 220). Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Star Of The Show 3000 Words   |  12 Pagespoem the star of the show is URN. keats describing the beauty of urn in different ways. In the poem speaker is saying that it s a married pride but still virgin. Then the poet looks more closely at the specific scenes depicted on its sides. He praises its shape but disses its overwrought decoration. Finally, he treats it like a sage with wisdom to impart. THE FIRST SCENE: MEN AND MAIDENSINTRODUCTION The pastoral is a literary style that shows a formal pictures of rural life and the naturalnessRead MoreEdmund Spenser, An English Writer Best Known For The Faerie Queene2627 Words   |  11 Pagesof Ireland. Among his acquaintances in the region was Walter Raleigh, a kindred pioneer. Through his verse Spenser would have liked to secure a spot at court, which he went by in Raleigh s organization to convey his most popular work, The Faerie Queene. On the other hand, he strikingly alienated the monarch s central secretary, Lord Burghley, and all he got in distinguishment of his work was a benefits in 1591. When it was recommended that he get installment of 100 pounds for his epic lyric, BurghleyRead MoreRebecca Clarke s `` Cinderella No More ``3827 Words   |  16 Pagesinstrument-viola. I choose Rebecca Clarke , probably the most prominent women-composer who wrote for viola. Most of Clarke’s compositions were written in the first three decades of the twentieth century, her works was largely unknown until the 1970th. Such is the curiously small impact she made as a composer in England in her life time that the first edition of Lionel Turtis’s book â€Å"Cinderella no more† doesn’t mention her viola Sonata, even though now violist from all over the world would regard it

Tilting Trains free essay sample

The technology involved in TILTING TRAIN is that when ever the trains pass over the curves and turnings of the railway tracks the compartments of the train is tilted to a certain angle by which the trains can travel with no reduction in speed. By adopting this technology of TILTING TRAINS the fuel consumed by the trains can be saved ,the passengers can feel comfort and also time can be saved. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Problem with corners 3. What is tilting train? 4. Why tilting helps? 5. How do trains tilt? 6. Problems associated in tilting the track 7. Passenger comfort ness 8. Countries who developed the tilting technology 9. Advantages and Disadvantages of tilting trains 10. Summary 11. Bibliography INTRODUCTION Train is a mass transporter, which transports humans and goods from one place to another place. We have trains, which run by diesel and electricity. Among goods and passenger trains the most concerned one is passenger trains. The passenger train should move quickly with high speeds. The rail road will not be always straight it should pass through curves and turns. We all know that if you are driving in your car and you take a turning at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains, if a train takes a turning at speeds centrifugal forces will be experienced. The major problem for any trains is to pass over the curves and turns of the railroads. If the train moves with the same speed at the curves and turns the train may slip from the track, so the speed of the train will be slowdown drastically to avoid slip. This results in wastage of fuel and in turn reduces the speed of the train, which is main consideration for the passenger trains. One of the solution found to avoid this situation is the tilting trains. PROBLEMS WITH CORNERS We all know that if your driving in your car and you take a corner at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains; if a train takes a corner at speed then centrifugal forces come in. Often train operating companies face a decision for building a high speed railway transport system hey can either invest money in the train to make it tilt but use existing railway lines, or they invest money in a new railway but dont need to spend money on expensive tilting mechanisms. This is why TGV, and ICE and bullet trains do not tilt, because they have their own dedicated high speed railway lines where curves are built with very high radii. It is worth pointing out that the centrifugal force is a function of v2/r where v is the velocity and r is the radius. This means if you double the velocity, you quadruple the centrifugal force. Similarly, if you want to triple the velocity but keep the centrifugal force the same, you must increase the radius by a factor of nine! Something not always possible. This is why even apparently gentle curves can be much more of a problem with high speeds than one might thing, because the force rises with the square of velocity. WHAT IS TILTING TRAIN ? Tilting train consists of a tilting mechanism that enables increased speed on regular tracks. In the upper part of the tilting trains that is in which the passengers are seated can be tilted sideways. During the motion of the train if the train has to steer to left in a left turning the coaches of the train will be tilted to the left in order to compensate the centrifugal push to the right and conversely during the right turn. These trains are constructed such that inertial forces which cause the tilting can be controlled by a computer. If the trains travel at speeds more than the specified speeds at the turnings of the railway tracks their will be centrifugal forces acting on the train. Due to these centrifugal forces the train may slip and push out of the tracks. But in case of tilting trains which will not happen, because of the reason that centrifugal forces will be compensated by tilting mechanism. WHY TILTING HELPS? When sitting on a corner going at speed there are two forces acting on you, gravitational force and the centrifugal force which is accelerating you into the corner. In physics when two forces act, then this causes a resultant force. The resultant force will push you into your seat and to the side. However if the train is tilting, then the normal contact force of you on your seat will be the same as the resultant force you are experiencing. This means as far as the passenger is concerned he or she is just being pulled into his or her seat, and he or she is used to that so no discomfort is felt. This is true also of aero planes, commercial planes tilt a large amount, up to 30 degrees when going around corners in some cases to cater for passenger comfort. As the tilting of the aero plane is to get rid of the problem of centrifugal forces, or more accurately to disguised the centrifugal forces as a part of gravity as far as the passengers are concerned. The only way you know if the aero plane is tilting is to look out of the window. Trains that tilt can go up to 25% to 40% faster around curves than conventional trains without upsetting the passengers, and as mentioned before this can significantly increase average speeds and cut journey times. HOW DO TRAINS TILT? Carriages have tilting mechanisms. Obviously the bogies cannot tilt because they ride on the track and must follow the path of the track. So the coaches have to tilt on the bogies. The way they do this is simple, the bogie acts a fulcrum in the center and it is free to tilt either side. Then pistons control how much the coach tilts. The pistons are controlled by a small computer, which uses a spirit level. The spirit level is used to check if things are horizontal remember, i. e. at right angles to the resultant force acting. Normally this force is gravity, but when going round a corner the resultant is a combination of gravity and centrifugal forces. This means the spirit level indicates it is no longer horizontal, so the computer adjusts the pistons until horizontal is read. Again this will not be horizontal to the ground, but as far as anyone on the train is concerned it will be horizontal, keeping the passengers happy. In the early days they tried to use inertial force to let the trains tilt†¦ i. e. hey would have no mechanism to make them tilt but the carriages would have a low center of gravity so centrifugal forces on the carriage would cause them to tilt. This proved unsuccessful. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED IN TILTING THE TRACK Well on high speed lines the track in the UK is heavily banked up on corners, although going in a high speed train you dont notice it at all. Occasionally when a high speed train in the UK comes to a stop because of a red signal or something on a curve you can really notice how much its slanted, on a stop on a curve put a bottle on the floor and will slide across to the other side. However there are limitations with tilting tracks, first of all the banking has to be designed with a specific speed in mind. A banked up track meant for 125mph trains is going to cause discomfort to passengers in a local 75mph train, as when a slower train goes round a banked corner it will make passengers feel like they are falling to a side. Of course you could build dedicated high speed lines, but then you would engineer them without tight curves. This limits the extent to which tracks can be banked up. If the rack is banked too much for really fast trains, then if any train comes to a stop on the curve due to a red signal the slant will cause discomfort to passengers. Also arranging for the overhead pantrograph to make proper contact with a wire above a banked curve is a little tricky. Clearly trains themselves need to tilt, then you get the double benefit of tilted track and tilting train, and the train can tilt to exactly suit the speed it is going at. PASSENGER COMFORTNESS On e might think it is not safe to push a train round a corner at high speed. Indeed that is true. However the crucial thing is that the speed at which it becomes unsafe, i. . the speed at which there is enough force to push the train off the track is incredibly high. In fact the force needed would be enough so that all passengers on the train couldnt move and would be stuck to the sides of the train. This implies that there is scope for increasing the speed of a train round corners a great deal without it becoming unsafe, however passengers will object. There are two reasons why it is bad for passengers. I have been on a late running Inter City 125 and it took a corner at some speed although only about 90mph and the corner wasnt tight enough to say see the train at the other end by looking out of the window. The corner wasnt tight enough to notice turning either. However you could feel the forces definitely, and empty cups rolled across tables, bags creaked and I felt pushed against the wall. Any faster and it would be extremely uncomfortable for passengers and they would rather the train slowed down and take a little longer. Also companies dont like to run trains at speed round corners because it upsets passengers, as when exposed to turning forces they may become worried the train is going to fly off the tracks (which incidentally has never happened). This might make people nervous about traveling on high speed trains. The reason no one is ever nervous about traveling at nearly 200mph on a train is because it is smooth and constant. If it was doing corners at these speeds people wouldnt like it. People get freaked out doing 50mph on a roller coaster which involves tight curves, imagine how they feel when serious speed is involved! Its all down to the forces a passenger feels, if a passenger feels a lot of strong forces then he or she is going to be nervous, and may avoid traveling on the train, or just choose a slow train. COUNTRIES WHO DEVELOPED THE TILTING TECHNOLOGY Britain The UK was interested in developing the advanced passenger train for quite a while France The development of the tilting train in France began in 1956 when eng. Mauzin built and experimented a single car unit that used inertial (non-assisted) tilting. This experiment were suspended because a natural tilting proved too difficult to accomplish. France preferred to built a vast network of high speed lines and the development of TGV started in the early seventies with a two-car modified turbo train. Today GEC-Alsthom has decided to start the development of a tilting TGV that has been delivered few weeks ago for testing and trials. Spain With the ETR-401 Fiat delivered in 1976 a wide-gauge version to Spain that was designated Tren Basculante (RENFE Type 443). However like its Italian sibling it remained a single vehicle. Later Spain developed a tilting version of its own Talgo train (talgo pendular) that so far has proved itself the only successful example of natural tilting and has met with a huge success. USA/Canada The first experiments were carried over in the thirties with non-powered cars (called pendulum), but the first successful tilting train in the USA was the Sikorsky Turbo Train which incorporated an inertial tilting mechanism. Later, in 1973 Amtrak tested an active tilting train called LRC (Light Rapid Comfortable) made of ten cars, that unfortunately had no success. Today Amtrak is trying again with the American Flyer built by Bombardier using some TGV-derived technologies. Sweden ABB developed in the early seventies an active tilting mechanism that was alternative to the Italian and British ones. This was tested in the X15 vehicle and implemented in the X2000 series train that so far has had a good success. One curious feature of this trains is that the tilting mechanism is applied only to the passengers cars and not to the driving motor units. Switzerland As a part of the IC-2000 project the Swiss railways are developing a tilting train that has the provisional designation ICN-2000 and will be built by SIG. Germany Germany has adopted tilting technology on its 610 and 611 class series EMU and will built the ICT for long-range intercity services ADVANTAGES 1. Fuel consumed by the trains can be minimized. 2. Speed of the trains can be maintained constant and hence time to reach the destination is minimized 3. Their will be Comfort ness for the passengers. DISADVANTAGES 1. Very costly to manufacture these kind of trains. . If the coaches do not tilt then it is dangerous. SUMMARY While the Very high speed trains like the TGV could be regarded as the Rolls Royce of trains, tilting trains could be thought of as the cheep and cheerful mini metro. The price differential is fairly similar too, it costs about 20 times more per unit distance to build a dedicated high speed line than it does to upgrade existing lines for tilting train s. This is what makes tilting trains extremely attractive. However there are disadvantages. 140mph or 230km/h is about as fast as trains go when not on dedicated lines. And then they have to be fitted in with slower moving traffic. With rail travel growing all over Europe, the problems of railways reaching saturation point has forced new lines to be build. This is why despite the success of the Italian Pendolini a new high speed line with 300 km/h trains is being built, because existing lines are at saturation. BIBILOGRAPHY Theory of machines KHURMI . R. S Railway Engineering PROFILLDIS . V. A www. goggle search. com TILTING TRAINS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN THE TRACKS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN THE TRACKS