The First Six Lessons And William Shakespeare s As You...

Theatre stage conventions are used to heighten and convey a story’s narrative in the Greek, Medieval and Elizabethan Eras of theatre. Each era built on the foundations of Greek theatre staging, through all of this are a perspective of modern Theatre was born. In order to understand a play, one must detail the conventions associated with the production. One must ask themselves if the play a presentational or representational piece? In this paper, I will be comparing staging conventions through Antigone, Acting: The First Six Lessons and William Shakespeare s As You Like It. Antigone is a battle between opposition, while As You Like It is a tongue and cheek melodrama. Acting: The First six Lessons stands out for its depiction of parental nurturing and teaching. It is a play devoted to the theme of teaching rather than it is characters or spectacle. Its conventions follow suite in this ambition. First off, important to note that the functions of theatre conventions set the rule s and parameters of the world the actors happen to embody. In Acting : The First Six Lessons, Actor who is known as Teacher in this scene in introducing the Actress who is portraying the creature. Creature. Oh, sorry†¦ (to the Audience) This is my daughter Emily...She even Said (8). Within the first moments of dialogue the similarities between Greek theatre are evident between the Creature and Teacher. They are speaking presentationally and we are led to believe that we are in a equal state with theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s English Literature Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare has been best known for his poems, plays and masterful piece of writings in the English language. He has been referred to as the England s national poet and the Bard of Avon. He produced over thirty eight plays, hundred fifty four sonnets, five poems, and more verses. Shakespeare s plays consist of mainly tragedies, comedies and histories which are regarded as one of the best in those genres. The plays, the poems, and the sonnets have had a significance influence in EnglishRead MoreSchools Kill Creativity1634 Words   |  7 PagesHuman creativity first . The extraordinary evidence of human creativity is in all of the presentations that we ve had and in all of the people here. Just the variety of it and the range of it. The second is that it s put us in a  place where we have no idea what s going to happen, in terms of the future. No idea how this may play out. I have an interest in education -- actually, what I find is everybody has an interest in education. Don t you? I find this very interesting. 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Walt Whitman entered this world on May thirty-first, eighteen-nineteen in West Hills, New York. He was the second son among nine other children in his household. His parents were Louisa Van Velsor and Walter Whitman, a housebuilder. His name was soon shortened to Walt to keep from getting confused withRead MoreThe Role of the Fool in King Lear Essay2177 Words   |  9 Pagesto professionally entertain others, specifically the king. In essence, fools were hired to make mistakes. Fools may have been mentally retarded youths kept for the court’s amusement, or more often they were singing, dancing stand up comedians. In William Shakespeare’s King Lear the fool plays many important roles. When Cordelia, Lear’s only well-intentioned daughter, is banished from the kingdom Fool immediately assumes her role as Lear’s protector. The fool is the king’s advocate, honest and loyalRead MorePastoral Analysis Of John Milton s Lycidas 2885 Words   |  12 Pageschurchyard . His works and days present a golden age when people lived together in harmony with nature. This golden age shows that even before Alexandria, ancient Greek had sentiments of an ideal pastoral life that they had already lost. This is the first example of literature that has pastoral sentiments and may have begun the pastoral traditions. Traditionally, pastoral refers to the lives of herds men in a romanticized but representative way. In literature the pastoral refers to rural subjects andRead MoreAnalysis Of Heidi s The Great Gatsby 2003 Words   |  9 PagesHeidi s tragic side is fully revealed in this entire speech where humor and drama are perfectly blended to emphasize her moment of realization. She becomes a diminished character who no longer knows who she is and decides to leave New York to sort out her future. Like a true dark comedy protagonist, she is vulnerable and has lost control. She realizes her downfalls and the comedy lies in the superiority felt by the spectator due to man s delight in man s inhumanity to man (Capp 220). Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Star Of The Show 3000 Words   |  12 Pagespoem the star of the show is URN. keats describing the beauty of urn in different ways. In the poem speaker is saying that it s a married pride but still virgin. Then the poet looks more closely at the specific scenes depicted on its sides. He praises its shape but disses its overwrought decoration. Finally, he treats it like a sage with wisdom to impart. THE FIRST SCENE: MEN AND MAIDENSINTRODUCTION The pastoral is a literary style that shows a formal pictures of rural life and the naturalnessRead MoreEdmund Spenser, An English Writer Best Known For The Faerie Queene2627 Words   |  11 Pagesof Ireland. Among his acquaintances in the region was Walter Raleigh, a kindred pioneer. Through his verse Spenser would have liked to secure a spot at court, which he went by in Raleigh s organization to convey his most popular work, The Faerie Queene. On the other hand, he strikingly alienated the monarch s central secretary, Lord Burghley, and all he got in distinguishment of his work was a benefits in 1591. When it was recommended that he get installment of 100 pounds for his epic lyric, BurghleyRead MoreRebecca Clarke s `` Cinderella No More ``3827 Words   |  16 Pagesinstrument-viola. I choose Rebecca Clarke , probably the most prominent women-composer who wrote for viola. Most of Clarke’s compositions were written in the first three decades of the twentieth century, her works was largely unknown until the 1970th. Such is the curiously small impact she made as a composer in England in her life time that the first edition of Lionel Turtis’s book â€Å"Cinderella no more† doesn’t mention her viola Sonata, even though now violist from all over the world would regard it

Tilting Trains free essay sample

The technology involved in TILTING TRAIN is that when ever the trains pass over the curves and turnings of the railway tracks the compartments of the train is tilted to a certain angle by which the trains can travel with no reduction in speed. By adopting this technology of TILTING TRAINS the fuel consumed by the trains can be saved ,the passengers can feel comfort and also time can be saved. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Problem with corners 3. What is tilting train? 4. Why tilting helps? 5. How do trains tilt? 6. Problems associated in tilting the track 7. Passenger comfort ness 8. Countries who developed the tilting technology 9. Advantages and Disadvantages of tilting trains 10. Summary 11. Bibliography INTRODUCTION Train is a mass transporter, which transports humans and goods from one place to another place. We have trains, which run by diesel and electricity. Among goods and passenger trains the most concerned one is passenger trains. The passenger train should move quickly with high speeds. The rail road will not be always straight it should pass through curves and turns. We all know that if you are driving in your car and you take a turning at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains, if a train takes a turning at speeds centrifugal forces will be experienced. The major problem for any trains is to pass over the curves and turns of the railroads. If the train moves with the same speed at the curves and turns the train may slip from the track, so the speed of the train will be slowdown drastically to avoid slip. This results in wastage of fuel and in turn reduces the speed of the train, which is main consideration for the passenger trains. One of the solution found to avoid this situation is the tilting trains. PROBLEMS WITH CORNERS We all know that if your driving in your car and you take a corner at speed you feel centrifugal forces. Well it is no different from trains; if a train takes a corner at speed then centrifugal forces come in. Often train operating companies face a decision for building a high speed railway transport system hey can either invest money in the train to make it tilt but use existing railway lines, or they invest money in a new railway but dont need to spend money on expensive tilting mechanisms. This is why TGV, and ICE and bullet trains do not tilt, because they have their own dedicated high speed railway lines where curves are built with very high radii. It is worth pointing out that the centrifugal force is a function of v2/r where v is the velocity and r is the radius. This means if you double the velocity, you quadruple the centrifugal force. Similarly, if you want to triple the velocity but keep the centrifugal force the same, you must increase the radius by a factor of nine! Something not always possible. This is why even apparently gentle curves can be much more of a problem with high speeds than one might thing, because the force rises with the square of velocity. WHAT IS TILTING TRAIN ? Tilting train consists of a tilting mechanism that enables increased speed on regular tracks. In the upper part of the tilting trains that is in which the passengers are seated can be tilted sideways. During the motion of the train if the train has to steer to left in a left turning the coaches of the train will be tilted to the left in order to compensate the centrifugal push to the right and conversely during the right turn. These trains are constructed such that inertial forces which cause the tilting can be controlled by a computer. If the trains travel at speeds more than the specified speeds at the turnings of the railway tracks their will be centrifugal forces acting on the train. Due to these centrifugal forces the train may slip and push out of the tracks. But in case of tilting trains which will not happen, because of the reason that centrifugal forces will be compensated by tilting mechanism. WHY TILTING HELPS? When sitting on a corner going at speed there are two forces acting on you, gravitational force and the centrifugal force which is accelerating you into the corner. In physics when two forces act, then this causes a resultant force. The resultant force will push you into your seat and to the side. However if the train is tilting, then the normal contact force of you on your seat will be the same as the resultant force you are experiencing. This means as far as the passenger is concerned he or she is just being pulled into his or her seat, and he or she is used to that so no discomfort is felt. This is true also of aero planes, commercial planes tilt a large amount, up to 30 degrees when going around corners in some cases to cater for passenger comfort. As the tilting of the aero plane is to get rid of the problem of centrifugal forces, or more accurately to disguised the centrifugal forces as a part of gravity as far as the passengers are concerned. The only way you know if the aero plane is tilting is to look out of the window. Trains that tilt can go up to 25% to 40% faster around curves than conventional trains without upsetting the passengers, and as mentioned before this can significantly increase average speeds and cut journey times. HOW DO TRAINS TILT? Carriages have tilting mechanisms. Obviously the bogies cannot tilt because they ride on the track and must follow the path of the track. So the coaches have to tilt on the bogies. The way they do this is simple, the bogie acts a fulcrum in the center and it is free to tilt either side. Then pistons control how much the coach tilts. The pistons are controlled by a small computer, which uses a spirit level. The spirit level is used to check if things are horizontal remember, i. e. at right angles to the resultant force acting. Normally this force is gravity, but when going round a corner the resultant is a combination of gravity and centrifugal forces. This means the spirit level indicates it is no longer horizontal, so the computer adjusts the pistons until horizontal is read. Again this will not be horizontal to the ground, but as far as anyone on the train is concerned it will be horizontal, keeping the passengers happy. In the early days they tried to use inertial force to let the trains tilt†¦ i. e. hey would have no mechanism to make them tilt but the carriages would have a low center of gravity so centrifugal forces on the carriage would cause them to tilt. This proved unsuccessful. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED IN TILTING THE TRACK Well on high speed lines the track in the UK is heavily banked up on corners, although going in a high speed train you dont notice it at all. Occasionally when a high speed train in the UK comes to a stop because of a red signal or something on a curve you can really notice how much its slanted, on a stop on a curve put a bottle on the floor and will slide across to the other side. However there are limitations with tilting tracks, first of all the banking has to be designed with a specific speed in mind. A banked up track meant for 125mph trains is going to cause discomfort to passengers in a local 75mph train, as when a slower train goes round a banked corner it will make passengers feel like they are falling to a side. Of course you could build dedicated high speed lines, but then you would engineer them without tight curves. This limits the extent to which tracks can be banked up. If the rack is banked too much for really fast trains, then if any train comes to a stop on the curve due to a red signal the slant will cause discomfort to passengers. Also arranging for the overhead pantrograph to make proper contact with a wire above a banked curve is a little tricky. Clearly trains themselves need to tilt, then you get the double benefit of tilted track and tilting train, and the train can tilt to exactly suit the speed it is going at. PASSENGER COMFORTNESS On e might think it is not safe to push a train round a corner at high speed. Indeed that is true. However the crucial thing is that the speed at which it becomes unsafe, i. . the speed at which there is enough force to push the train off the track is incredibly high. In fact the force needed would be enough so that all passengers on the train couldnt move and would be stuck to the sides of the train. This implies that there is scope for increasing the speed of a train round corners a great deal without it becoming unsafe, however passengers will object. There are two reasons why it is bad for passengers. I have been on a late running Inter City 125 and it took a corner at some speed although only about 90mph and the corner wasnt tight enough to say see the train at the other end by looking out of the window. The corner wasnt tight enough to notice turning either. However you could feel the forces definitely, and empty cups rolled across tables, bags creaked and I felt pushed against the wall. Any faster and it would be extremely uncomfortable for passengers and they would rather the train slowed down and take a little longer. Also companies dont like to run trains at speed round corners because it upsets passengers, as when exposed to turning forces they may become worried the train is going to fly off the tracks (which incidentally has never happened). This might make people nervous about traveling on high speed trains. The reason no one is ever nervous about traveling at nearly 200mph on a train is because it is smooth and constant. If it was doing corners at these speeds people wouldnt like it. People get freaked out doing 50mph on a roller coaster which involves tight curves, imagine how they feel when serious speed is involved! Its all down to the forces a passenger feels, if a passenger feels a lot of strong forces then he or she is going to be nervous, and may avoid traveling on the train, or just choose a slow train. COUNTRIES WHO DEVELOPED THE TILTING TECHNOLOGY Britain The UK was interested in developing the advanced passenger train for quite a while France The development of the tilting train in France began in 1956 when eng. Mauzin built and experimented a single car unit that used inertial (non-assisted) tilting. This experiment were suspended because a natural tilting proved too difficult to accomplish. France preferred to built a vast network of high speed lines and the development of TGV started in the early seventies with a two-car modified turbo train. Today GEC-Alsthom has decided to start the development of a tilting TGV that has been delivered few weeks ago for testing and trials. Spain With the ETR-401 Fiat delivered in 1976 a wide-gauge version to Spain that was designated Tren Basculante (RENFE Type 443). However like its Italian sibling it remained a single vehicle. Later Spain developed a tilting version of its own Talgo train (talgo pendular) that so far has proved itself the only successful example of natural tilting and has met with a huge success. USA/Canada The first experiments were carried over in the thirties with non-powered cars (called pendulum), but the first successful tilting train in the USA was the Sikorsky Turbo Train which incorporated an inertial tilting mechanism. Later, in 1973 Amtrak tested an active tilting train called LRC (Light Rapid Comfortable) made of ten cars, that unfortunately had no success. Today Amtrak is trying again with the American Flyer built by Bombardier using some TGV-derived technologies. Sweden ABB developed in the early seventies an active tilting mechanism that was alternative to the Italian and British ones. This was tested in the X15 vehicle and implemented in the X2000 series train that so far has had a good success. One curious feature of this trains is that the tilting mechanism is applied only to the passengers cars and not to the driving motor units. Switzerland As a part of the IC-2000 project the Swiss railways are developing a tilting train that has the provisional designation ICN-2000 and will be built by SIG. Germany Germany has adopted tilting technology on its 610 and 611 class series EMU and will built the ICT for long-range intercity services ADVANTAGES 1. Fuel consumed by the trains can be minimized. 2. Speed of the trains can be maintained constant and hence time to reach the destination is minimized 3. Their will be Comfort ness for the passengers. DISADVANTAGES 1. Very costly to manufacture these kind of trains. . If the coaches do not tilt then it is dangerous. SUMMARY While the Very high speed trains like the TGV could be regarded as the Rolls Royce of trains, tilting trains could be thought of as the cheep and cheerful mini metro. The price differential is fairly similar too, it costs about 20 times more per unit distance to build a dedicated high speed line than it does to upgrade existing lines for tilting train s. This is what makes tilting trains extremely attractive. However there are disadvantages. 140mph or 230km/h is about as fast as trains go when not on dedicated lines. And then they have to be fitted in with slower moving traffic. With rail travel growing all over Europe, the problems of railways reaching saturation point has forced new lines to be build. This is why despite the success of the Italian Pendolini a new high speed line with 300 km/h trains is being built, because existing lines are at saturation. BIBILOGRAPHY Theory of machines KHURMI . R. S Railway Engineering PROFILLDIS . V. A www. goggle search. com TILTING TRAINS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN THE TRACKS [pic] TILTING OF TRAINS WHILE TAKING RIGHT TURN IN THE TRACKS

A Threat to Our Environmental Freedom Essay Example

A Threat to Our Environmental Freedom Paper Cholera, aka Asiatic Cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the Brio cholera bacterium. From the family Variances, the bacterium is characterized as a gram-negative rod. As With other gram-negative rods, Brio cholera produces an indention, known as cholera toxin. This bacterium is mobile due to the presence of a single polar flagellum and is highly infectious. The Brio cholera bacterium grows in both freshwater and marine habitats and also in association with aquatic animals. Originally discovered in 1824 by the Italian Anatomist, Fillips Pacing, Brio holler most likely originated in India with the Ganges River serving as the primary contamination reservoir. Nearly 30 years later bacteriologists Robert Koch and John Snow found the link between Cholera and drinking water. Since its discovery in the early 19th century Cholera has claimed many lives due to its transmission via the drinking water supply. Through many years of research and chlorination of drinking water supplies, Cholera has not been considered a threat to the United States and Western Europe for nearly a century. However, purposeful introduction of the bacterium into a local water apply, could indeed cause contamination and mass spread of infection. Bola hemorrhagic fever (UHF) is a highly infectious, highly fatal disease caused by the Bola virus. Bola virus is a member of the family Overridden and is named after the Bola River in the Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) which is where the first epidemic occurred in 1994. We will write a custom essay sample on A Threat to Our Environmental Freedom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Threat to Our Environmental Freedom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Threat to Our Environmental Freedom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The virus is classified as follows: Group: Group V ((-)Sara) Order: Monosyllables Family: Fluoridate Genus: Oblivious Species: Ivory Coast oblivious Restore oblivious Sudan oblivious Zaire oblivious The first two strains of the virus were identified in 1 976 in Zaire and Sudan. Dry. F. A. Murphy was the first to isolate the virus and capture it for electron microscopy. Dry. Murphy noted that the virus was a simple-strand RNA virus with encoding for seven viral proteins. Since its discovery and initial outbreaks, four sub-species have been isolated (as outlined above) which are named after their respective outbreak locations. Due to its highly infectious nature and its ability to mutate rapidly, Bola virus has a mortality rate of nearly 77%. Although, not a treat in the United States and other civilized nations, the Bola virus could pose a serious health risk if purposely introduced into the water or food supply. A protein on the surface of the virus has been discovered that is responsible for the severe internal bleeding (the death-dealing feature of the disease). The protein attacks and destroys the endothelial cells lining blood vessels, causing the vessels to leak and bleed. In fact, the virus has a very specific tropism for liver cells and cells of the radiotelephones system, e. G. Macrophages. Massive destruction of the liver is the hallmark feature of Bola virus. The Bola virus, once inside a host, begins to replicate. The seven proteins hat make up the body of the virus begin to consume the host cell as the virus starts making copies of itself. These seven proteins attack the body of the cell and somehow attack the structural proteins of the body of the host. As the disease progresses, it manifests itself in the form of bleeding, especially in the mucosa, abdomen, pericardium, and vagina. The capillary leakage leads to loss of blood volume, bleeding from various points in the body, shock, and acute respiratory disorder. Infections with Bola virus are acute with an incubation period ranging from 2 to 21 days. Cholera is an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea and is caused by certain members of the species Brio cholera (bacteria). The cholera germ is passed in the stools. The toxin released by the bacteria causes increased secretion of water and chloride ions in the intestine, which can produce massive diarrhea. Death can result from the severe dehydration brought on by the diarrhea. The symptoms may appear 1 to 7 days after eating food or drinking water contaminated with the bacteria, typically within 2 to 3 days. Contamination is from contact with the feces or vomits of someone infected tit cholera. Cholera is transmitted by fecal-oral route (eating or drinking food or water contaminated by the fecal waste of an infected person). Vireos are sensitive to acid, and most die in the stomach. Surviving virulent organisms may adhere to and colonize the small bowel, where they secrete the potent cholera intervention (CT, also called cholera). This toxin binds to the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells and releases an enigmatically active subunit that causes a rise in cyclic adenosine 51 -Mephistopheles (CAMP) production. The resulting high intracellular CAMP level causes massive secretion of electrolytes and water into the intestinal lumen. Symptoms of cholera are an acute, diarrhea illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Brio Cholera. One of 20 persons will have severe disease with profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. The rapid loss of body fluids and weight lead to dehydration and circulatory collapse. Death can occur within hours. Symptoms of Bola are fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, sore throat, weakness, which are followed by diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Some patients have a rash, red eyes and internal and external bleeding. A person becomes infected with cholera bacteria by consuming contaminated food or water. In most epidemics the infection comes from human feces, which contaminate inadequately treated sewage. The bacteria can also live in rivers and costal waters where it contaminates shellfish. Undercooked shellfish have been a source of cholera. The disease is not likely spread by direct person-to-person contact. Cholera is diagnosed by laboratory isolation of the bacterium from a stool sample or by finding antibodies in serum indicating recent infection. The tectonic forms of Cholera are O group 1 or 139 and can be identified wrought gram strain or culture. Darkled of phase contrast microscopy can directly visualize motile brio. Generally diagnosis is clinical by water diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is most effectively treated through reiteration of fluids and salts lost through diarrhea. An oral reiteration solution that combines sugar and salts n prepackaged formula is mixed with water and used throughout the world resulting in a 1% mortality with treatment compared to 20-25% without. Sever cases may require intravenous fluid replacement. Antibiotics may shorten course and reduce severity of symptoms as well as decrease shedding of iris but must target organism susceptibility as antibiotic resistance is a growing problem. The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown as is the manner in which it fist appears during an outbreak. It has been hypothesized that the index patient becomes infected through contact with an ill animal. After the first case patient, the virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected blood or secretions or through contact with contaminated objects such as needles. Monoclonal transmission is common in outbreaks when healthcare workers do not wear proper protective clothing. Bola is form of viral hemorrhagic fever that is usually clinically diagnosed by the constellation of symptoms described. Laboratory diagnosis is through ELISE testing for IGMP antibodies and PC and virus isolation can be used to identify virus within a few days of symptom onset. Later in course of disease Gig antibodies can be tested. There is no curative treatment for Bola. Only supportive treatments including fluid and electrolyte balancing, and maintenance of oxygen status and blood pressure are available. In March 1999, cholera was detected in the country for the first time in 10 ears and was moving fast throughout the country. Poor water quality and sanitation infrastructure were the major contributing factors to high rates of cholera. By November 1 999, 30 of the poorest communities in urban Anticipation, which is the capital of Madagascar, was chosen as the target population for piloting the Safe Water System in the country. The system consisted of behavior change techniques along with point-of-use treatment and safe storage of water. The organizations who collaborated on this project were the CARE Madagascar (Community Assistance for Relief Everywhere), Population Services International (SSI) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CARE Madagascar implemented and combined community manipulation, Population Services International took care of the social marketing and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention handled the program evaluation. The social marketing involved local production of a 0. 5% sodium hypochlorite solution packaged in a 500-ml bottle, and amount sufficient to treat approximately 2000 L of water. A local company was then contracted to produce 20-L narrow-mouthed plastic jerry cans. The brand name given was Usurers, French for safe water. The program was launched months ahead of schedule because of the rapid increase in the disease. The bottle of water was sold to wholesalers and retailers in the communities participating in the program and provided the product to CARE-trained community-based sales agents. The organizations designed radio and TV spots and gave out brochures and posters. Originally the project was limited to the 30 neighborhoods, but SSI and CARE broadened the intervention to cover all of Anticipation. In nine months the sales ranged form 8,000 to 80,000 bottles per month. The success of the project was due to the waters usefulness and the projects easy deployment in response to emergencies. The organizations did not want the communities to look at this water as a cholera prevention product. They wanted the people to use the water all the time, not only during cholera season. This is where the behavioral change comes in to play.

Open Homosexuality in America

Open Homosexuality in America Free Online Research Papers For my research paper, I intended to find out how the percentage of open homosexuals in society has changed over time in America. I would also like to know whether certain states in America portray drastically different percentages of homosexuals in comparison to one another. In our ever changing, and seemingly ever developing nation, just how open and supportive has American society become in accepting homosexuality? How is this attitude affecting the acceptance of homosexuality in homosexuals themselves, and how does the percentage of open homosexuals compare to that of the past. I would like to research this question because homosexuality has been a constant controversy. I believe that the suppression of homosexuality has been an issue throughout history, and I would like to know if the gradually growing support of homosexuality that is often portrayed in the media is accurately reflecting a change of values in American society. Throughout history, acts of violence and persecution against homosexuals have been consistent issues. I would like to know if, in modern society, these factors continue to overcome homosexuals in their ability to comfortably and outwardly be themselves. When researching this topic, it was particularly important that I find an overall change in perspective in American society regarding homosexuality. Though researching the changing perspective was important in this process, I also strived to find concrete percentages and data that reflected the supposedly evolving perspective. It was difficult to find a recent census taken regarding this information, so as my search progressed, I found that the overall change in perspective became a more significant part of my research. Through academic journals such as the Journal of the History of Sexuality and The Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide, I was able to gain a great amount of insight into the subject of homosexuality in American society. I found that over time, the perspective of homosexuality has generally reflected the values imposed upon American society through the media (2). Homosexuality was most controversial throughout the late forties and fifties, when society was submerged in the idea of â€Å"The American Dream†. This â€Å"American Dream† painted a very clear picture of what the pursuit of happiness in American society should consist of. It stressed the importance of gender roles and the perfect family; a husband and wife in suburbia with their children and home-cooked dinners every night. The wife was to tend to the home for a living and the husband was to work a nine to five job, (typically in an office of some sort) five days a week. Homosexuality during this time period was rarely heard of and regarded as shameful. In the media, homosexuality was barely acknowledged, but when it was, the idea was very firmly condemned and regarded as dangerous. This portrayal of homosexuality utilized fear as a method of persecution (3). Men, women, and children were told that homosexuals are dangerous and threatening (2). It was not until the sexual revolution during the sixties and seventies that homosexuality was given an identifiable presence in America. Through the works of Alfred Kinsley, the first man to acknowledge and survey homosexuals in society, the perspective of homosexuality began to gradually grow into the relative acceptance that is seen in certain societies in America today. While the perspective of homosexuality in America has changed over time, the question still remains: has the amount of homosexuals in the population changed, and if so, why? It seems as though the amount of homosexuals in society has increased in places where homosexuals feel comfortable and are accepted (1). The difference in homosexual population between Kansas city and San Francisco, for example, is drastic. This then raises the question, are homosexuals more accepted in certain areas because they migrate there and create the comfortable environment themselves, or because the comfortable environment is already there in place. Would homosexuals become more accepted in certain areas overtime if they imposed their identities on certain societies rather than fleeing to ones that are more supportive and accepting. The over all population of homosexuals in American society has consistently reflected the values stressed during specific eras. Although the acceptance of homosexuality in America has increased significantly in certain states, there is a drastic difference between the progresses of those areas and the intolerant stagnancy of others. I believe, after going through the research process, that the amount of homosexuals in our population has never truly changed. Homosexuality has had a consistent presence throughout history despite our changing perspectives. It seems as though the homosexual population has never grown, but reflected the values of each specific time period. Like other minorities, homosexuality has been suppressed, but has never ceased to exist. When researching homosexuality in America, I had a difficult time finding the concrete numbers and percentages of homosexual’s overtime. I found it was difficult to compare what little percentages I did find, and that there were no real informative fluctuations in them. While I struggled with my research, I found that at the heart of my research topic was not precise numbers and figures, but the over all change in perspective of homosexuality in America. I was not surprised by my findings, but they enabled me to further understand precisely what factors in society affect the homosexual population. V. 1. (Gates, Gary J., Ost, Jason (2004). Getting Us Where We Live. Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide. 19-21) 2. (Bennet, Lisa (2000). Fifty Years of Prejudice in the Media. Gay and Lesbian Review Worldwide. 18-27) 3. (Loftin, Craig M. (2007). Unacceptable Mannerisms, Gender Anxieties, Homosexual Activism, and Swish in the United States 1945-1965. Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 578-596) Research Papers on Open Homosexuality in AmericaEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West MeetResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Analysis essay about 'After Death' Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis about 'After Death' - Essay Example Eagleman also corrected the notion of God’s gender and this translates to the ambivalence of the universe. Eagleman however is optimistic that the afterlife will be generous because we will be given a choice of who we would like to be. The book begun with the phrase â€Å"In the afterlife you relive all your experiences, but this time with the events reshuffled into a new order: all the moments share a quality are grouped together (3)†. This is a sort of cataloguing our life and to make us realize how we lived our life. This is an intriguing opening for a book that talked about after life because it makes the reader think and examined their own lives. It is like telling the living that someday how we should live our life today because it will be played before you us when we die so we better make it a good thing to watch. This opening also opens a lot of possibilities of how the afterlife should be. Of course Eagleman’s book are only analysis and wanderings and we will never know its validity until we go to the afterlife. It may be just an existential â€Å"what if† or an excursion of how will it be like in the afterlife. And if there is any consolation to David Eagleman’s dissertation in his work â€Å"Sum: forty tales from the afterlives†, is that it affirms that there is life after our existence here on earth removing the fearful idea that everything ceases when we die. Thus this begs the questions of what are going to do with our lives having known that indeed after life exists. One of these existential excursion of Eagleman’s work is the negation of what we are thinking along – that we are the center of the universe and that all creation revolves around us. Eagleman however did not think so. We are in fact just a byproduct of the bigger scheme of things and not even at the center of it. Our reaction may

Clinical Mental Health Counseling Research Paper

Clinical Mental Health Counseling - Research Paper Example Many of the mental health conditions are diagnosed when a person is either a teenager or a young adult. During this period one is undergoing many changes such as graduating from high school, choosing a college to attend to and starting romantic relationships.   These changes can be confusing and people in this age bracket can start having mental challenges. The challenges faced by this population can be said to be constant as they are almost similar across patients in this population.   It has been proven that the earlier this group receives treatment through counseling the more likely they are going to persevere.  This career dates way back the 1900s, where it has made numerous strides over time. Back in the year 1907, it was suggested that tutors should also be providing lessons on problem-solving, prevention and character (Erford, 2014). This led to the beginning of canceling lessons in schools.   Many students who were teenagers at that time started benefiting from these services. Counseling services were also developed in the year 1908 through the assistance of the mental hygiene movement.   The mentality shift of society is also important in ensuring that patients receive much-needed support.   This was the case as people started believing that the mentally ill are not irrevocably sick and they need help, (Erford, 2014). During the Second World War, many young men could not join the forces as they were not mentally stable.   Due to the rampant increase of mental problems in the society, the government through a push by the public recognized the need for preventing and treating mental health disorders as soon as possible, (Erford, 2014).  The national mental health act enacted in 1946 was instituted and led to the provision of funds so as to research and train towards prevention,   diagnosis, and treatment of disorders relating to mental health, (Erford, 2014). Teens and young adults were the big beneficiaries of this act as they were now able to obtain services early enough so as to stop complicated mental health disorders. In the year 1963, another act of parliament was passed, it was known as the community mental health centers act which seeks to grow counseling services.   This act sought to address the major issues that were facing the community which included drug abuse family crisis and alcoholism. Through this act of 1963 funds were provisioned to help in financing community based mental health programs thereby increasing prevention and which lead to decreased hospitalizations, (Erford, 2014).   Due to this clinical mental health counseling increased during this period (Neukrug, 2011). Hospitalizations reduced since this was not their main emphasis.   Other organizations such as outpatient clinics and crisis centers were also developed as a result of these changes.   Mental health care services became easily accessible to anyone who needed to access them. Education institutions had to increase traini ng for counselors as community needs were increasing day by day.  As time progressed there was more awareness about the need for prevention and treatment of mental health problems. The 1980s can be said to be the peak season when there was more awareness for the need of the services (Erford, 2014).   This went on till the 2000s When it became important for counselors to be licensed and accredited. This helped unify mental health counseling into a profession. Through the definition of a counselor clients were able to understand the services that they are to receive from a counselor.   Through the creation of clinical mental health counseling many populations have benefited over time.

Plato, Crito Essay Example for Free

Plato, Crito Essay In the Dialogue Crito, Socrates employs his Elenchus to examine the notion of justice and one’s obligation to justice. In the setting of the dialogue, Socrates has been condemned to die, and Crito comes with both the hopes and the means for Socrates to escape from prison. When Socrates insists that they should examine whether he should escape or not, the central question turns into whether if it is unjust to disobey laws. Socrates’ ultimate answer is that it is unjust; he makes his argument by first showing that it’s wrong to revenge injustice, then arguing that he has made an agreement with the city’s law for its benefits, and finally reasoning that he should keep to that agreement and accept its consequences. However, the examination in Crito was incompletely and its logic flawed; in making this decision, Socrates has forsaken his life for his ideal of justice. The examination was done in the elenchus, which has the structure that Socrates will start with an assumption and find contradictions to eliminate possible answers; the assumption here is that there are good reasons why Socrates should escape from prison. Socrates starts his argument by first eliminating the public opinion as a reason why he should escape. Socrates observes that concerning a person’s health, only a doctor’s opinion would matter instead of the public opinion; he then draws a parallel of that analogy to justice, that â€Å"We should not give so much thought to what the majority of people will say about us, but think instead of what the person who understands just and unjust things will say † (Crito 48b) While the public opinion would certainly urge Socrates to preserve his life, Socrates discredits it as a reason for his escape. Next Socrates assumes that since only a good life is worth living, and that living a good life is the same as living a just life (Crito 48b), Socrates should escape for his life only if it is just for him to do so. Effectively, Socrates has reduced the question to whether if it is just to disobey the law (by escaping prison and execution) to decide if he should escape. To this question, first Socrates says that he should not revenge injustice. Because doing injustice is bad in any circumstances (Crito 49b), to return injustice just because of having injustice done onto himself would bad also (Crito 49c). Therefore Socrates should not commit injustice just to get even with Athens. Injustice is bad because it harms, and disobedience to the law would harm the city (Crito 50b); so it seems that to disobey the law would be an injustice. But why should Socrates obey the law of the city? Socrates reasons that since the city has done him great benefactions, such as giving birth to his life, taking care of his physical upbringing and his education, and granting him long years of benefits from the legal system (Crito 50e 51c), Socrates owns the state a strong duty of gratitude just as a child would own to his father. One of those duties is to obey the state (like how a child obeys his parents), which always has included the possibility of death such as in times of war (Crito 51b). Socrates should obey the city because he has made an agreement to do so. This agreement is the social contract that he has implicitly accepted and lived under for 70 years. This contract is legitimate because Socrates had a thorough understanding of the legal system (Crito 51e 52a), he did not leave the city when he was given the fair chance all his life (Crito 51 c-e), and that he even has consciously benefited legally from this implicit agreement with law all his life. Therefore it is evident that Socrates has made such a social contract with Athens, which he has been satisfied with so far. It is just for one to keep the agreement he has made, therefore Socrates should keep the agreement made with Athens; and thus he should obey the state and its laws (Crito 53c). Furthermore, Socrates has been given the chance to convince Athens not sentence him to death, and he even could’ve proposed to be exiled that would have the same consequences as if he escapes now; if Socrates had the chance to accomplish thise with legal means when he did not, he would not be justified to do so now illegally (Crito 52c). Following this reasoning, Socrates concludes that he should not escape from prison and his eventual execution. Although Socrates’ commitment to his ideals is admirable, his reasoning is critically flawed. Socrates lacks the definition of justice throughout the discussion of justice. Socrates certainly thinks of justice as something intrinsic and absolute, instead of simply laws imposed by the state; this is evident when he refused to arrest Leon of Salamis by the order of the 30 tyrants (which is an act of disobedience) on the grounds of justice (Apology 32c). Clearly he believes that justice is higher than rulings of sovereignty. But Socrates never made clear what is this virtue that makes justice just; instead, he only vaguely calls some actions just, such as when one keeps an agreement, or behaves well towards one’s parents. It is because of this lack of definition Socrates ends up contradicting himself. For instance, Socrates makes the proposition that one should seek expert knowledge instead of following majority opinion when it comes to justice; this would imply that the justice is not related to the opinion of the majority, as well as that the majority are no expert in justice. If the social contract in the democratic Athens is assumed to be an agreement made between by the majority of the society, then justice is certainly independent from that social contract. But later Socrates argues that he has to obey the state’s laws and keep the agreement made to the state, which implies that justice is to keep the social contract (contraposition of â€Å"not keeping to the contract is unjust†). Furthermore, Socrates assumes that disobeying laws and agreements is unjust. But what is the state? It is no more than a collective of Athenians. Where do these laws come from? The majority opinion of the Athenians (in the case of the tyrants Socrates wouldn’t obey the laws anyways) and the agreements they’ve made. If indeed the laws and agreements the majority of Athenians, it seems that they determine what’s just without knowing what’s just (or else their opinion would matter! ), which would be unacceptable for Socrates. Furthermore, Socrates’ gratitude and duty towards the state does not equate obeying the state; in-fact, if killing Socrates is an injustice that would do Athens harm, then Socrates ought to do whatever that is in his power to prevent being executed by escaping to fulfill his duty of benefiting the city. There is another more fundamental flaw in Socrates’ argument. If he considers justice to be morally independent of laws, then some laws would be just and other unjust. There could be unjust laws, or just laws abused. Socrates never considered these cases of whether he indeed justly deserves the death sentence or not. Therefore to simply obey laws may not necessarily lead to justice. This argument would destroy the whole purpose of obeying laws and not escape from prison. We may speculate, if we have presented these arguments to Socrates, would he be convinced to escape prison? Perhaps not, as Socrates is already 70 and was expected to die soon anyways (the average life span for male was around 40). Dying in the name of justice, instead of old age in a distant place, is definitely more romantic and held more appeal. Furthermore, to live in exile would have no positive effect on his children, it would tarnish his reputation, and such a life in exile will not be enjoyable (Crito 53d – 54d). Therefore, it would be possible that Socrates will still choose to die as a martyr to justice and philosophy.